Guided Computer Tutorials Learning Microsoft® PowerPoint® 2007

Learning Microsoft PowerPoint 2007

Contents


Chapter 1: Getting Started With PowerPoint
Starting a Presentation..............................................................................................1-1
The Microsoft PowerPoint Screen.........................................................................1-2
The Office Button............................................................................................ 1-2
The Quick Access Toolbar............................................................................. 1-2
The Ribbon......................................................................................................... 1-3
Zoom Controls..............................................................................................................1-5
Creating the Title Slide...............................................................................................1-5
Entering the Company Name..................................................................... 1-5
Formatting Text Using the Mini-Toolbar................................................. 1-6
Formatting Text Using the Ribbon............................................................ 1-7
Moving the Placeholder................................................................................ 1-9
Entering the Sub-Title Text........................................................................... 1-9
Saving the Presentation..............................................................................1-11
Adding a Background to the Slide..........................................................1-11
Creating a Second Slide.........................................................................................1-12
Inserting the New Slide...............................................................................1-12
Entering the Title...........................................................................................1-13
Entering the Points.......................................................................................1-14
Previewing the Presentation................................................................................1-16
Looking at the Slides....................................................................................1-16
Starting the Slide Show...............................................................................1-16
Slide Outlines.............................................................................................................1-18
Other View Buttons..................................................................................................1-19
Presentations Assignment 1.............................................................1-२०


Chapter 2: Using Graphics in Slides
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................2-1
Creating the New Slide..............................................................................................2-1
Selecting the Slide Layout........................................................................................2-2
Entering the Slide Title...............................................................................................2-2
Inserting a Clip Art Image........................................................................................2-3
Resizing the Image......................................................................................................2-4
Adding Text to the Slide............................................................................................2-5
Previewing the Presentation...................................................................................2-7
Adding Another Image to the Presentation......................................................2-7
Adding Lines to the Slide..........................................................................................2-8
Line Styles.......................................................................................................... 2-9
Line Colours....................................................................................................... 2-9
Three-Dimensional Effects.........................................................................2-10
Adding Photos to Slides.........................................................................................2-11
Selecting the Slide Layout..........................................................................2-11
Entering the Title...........................................................................................2-12
Adding the Text..............................................................................................2-13
Adding a Photo..............................................................................................2-13
Inserting Another Photo.............................................................................2-15
Editing Text......................................................................................................2-16
Presentations Assignment 2.............................................................2-17


Chapter 3: Using Transitions
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................3-1
Applying a Transition to One Slide........................................................................3-1
Slide Sorter View..........................................................................................................3-3
Altering the Order of Slides.....................................................................................3-3
Applying Transitions to Multiple Slides...............................................................3-4
Presentations Assignment 3............................................................... 3-


Chapter 4: Animation Effects
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................4-1
Animating Text.............................................................................................................4-1
Text Entrance..................................................................................................... 4-1
Animating Just One Text Point................................................................... 4-4
Animating Words and Letters..................................................................... 4-6
Changing Animation Effects....................................................................................4-7
Removing Effects.........................................................................................................4-9
Animating Images....................................................................................................4-10
The First Image...............................................................................................4-10
The Second Image........................................................................................4-12
Exit Animations.........................................................................................................4-14
Changing the Animation Order..........................................................................4-16
Looping Animations................................................................................................4-16
Exercise 4-1.................................................................................................................4-17
Preset Animations....................................................................................................4-18
Adjusting Preset Animations................................................................................4-19
Presentations Assignment 4.............................................................4-20

Chapter 5: Adding Movie Clips to Slides

Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................5-1
Creating a New Slide..................................................................................................5-1
Selecting the Layout...................................................................................... 5-1
Entering the Slide Title................................................................................... 5-2
Adding the Text................................................................................................ 5-3
Inserting the Movie Clip................................................................................ 5-4
Adding a Movie Clip Message..................................................................... 5-5
Formatting the Movie Clip.......................................................................................5-7
Presentations Assignment 5............................................................... 5-9


Chapter 6: Adding Diagrams to Slides
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................6-1
Creating a New Slide..................................................................................................6-1
Selecting the Layout...................................................................................... 6-1
Adding the Title................................................................................................ 6-2
Inserting the Diagram................................................................................................6-2
Entering the Chart Labels.........................................................................................6-3
Deleting Chart Boxes ................................................................................................6-4
Adding More Chart Boxes........................................................................................6-4
Formatting the Diagram...........................................................................................6-6
The Diagram Style........................................................................................... 6-6
Changing the Diagram’s Colours............................................................... 6-7
Adding Effects to the Diagram................................................................... 6-8
Formatting the Diagram’s Text.................................................................... 6-8
Changing the Diagram’s Layout................................................................. 6-9
Presentations Assignment 6.............................................................

Chapter 7: Formatting and Aligning Slide Content
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................7-1
Creating a New Slide..................................................................................................7-1
Selecting the Layout...................................................................................... 7-1
Entering the Slide Title................................................................................... 7-2
The First Photograph..................................................................................................7-2
Inserting the Photograph............................................................................. 7-2
Adjusting the Shape Height........................................................................ 7-3
Formatting the Photograph........................................................................ 7-3
The Second Photograph...........................................................................................7-4
Inserting the Photograph ............................................................................ 7-4
The Format Painter Tool................................................................................ 7-5
Aligning the Photographs............................................................................ 7-5
The Third Photograph................................................................................................7-6
Inserting the Photograph............................................................................. 7-6
Formatting the Photograph........................................................................ 7-7
Aligning the Photographs............................................................................ 7-8
The Fourth Photograph.............................................................................................7-8
Inserting the Photograph............................................................................. 7-8
Formatting the Photograph........................................................................ 7-9
Aligning the Photographs..........................................................................7-10
Adjusting the Colour of Photographs...............................................................7-12
Presentations Assignment 7.............................................................7-14

Chapter 8: Inserting Tables in Slides
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................8-1
Selecting the Layout..................................................................................................8-1
Entering the Slide Title...............................................................................................8-2
Adding the Table..........................................................................................................8-2
Entering the Table Items...........................................................................................8-3
The Table Styles............................................................................................................8-3
Formatting the Text....................................................................................................8-4
Column Widths.............................................................................................................8-5
Deleting Rows...............................................................................................................8-7
Adding Cells to the Table..........................................................................................8-8
Borders and Shading..................................................................................................8-9
Changing the Cell Shading.......................................................................... 8-9
Changing the Border Colour.....................................................................8-10
Presentations Assignment 8.............................................................8-11

Chapter 9: Inserting Charts into Slides
Loading the Presentation.........................................................................................9-1
Selecting the Slide Layout........................................................................................9-1
Entering the Slide Title...............................................................................................9-2
Inserting the Chart......................................................................................................9-2
Entering the Chart Data............................................................................................9-4
Editing the Chart.........................................................................................................9-6
Chart Layouts................................................................................................................9-8
Chart Styles....................................................................................................................9-9
Changing the Chart Labels......................................................................................9-9
Changing the Appearance of the Chart...........................................................9-10
Changing the Colour of the Columns....................................................9-10
Changing the Back Wall Colour................................................................9-11
Changing the Scale of the Axes..........................................................................9-12
Other Chart Types....................................................................................................9-13
Animating Charts.....................................................................................................9-14
Presentations Assignment 9.............................................................9-16


Chapter 10: Action Buttons
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................10-1
Navigation Buttons..................................................................................................10-1
The Previous Slide Button..........................................................................10-1
The Next Slide Button..................................................................................10-3
Buttons That Open Specific Slides......................................................................10-4
The Jungle Safaris Button...........................................................................10-4
The Wild River Rides Button.......................................................................10-7
The Other Slides.............................................................................................10-9
Text Buttons..............................................................................................................10-10
Buttons That Play Sounds....................................................................................10-11
Buttons That Open Other Presentations........................................................10-13
Loading the Presentation........................................................................ 10-13
Adding the Button..................................................................................... 10-13
Linking the Button..................................................................................... 10-16
Removing Action Buttons...................................................................................10-19
Presentations Assignment 10.........................................................10-20


Chapter 11: Text Formatting
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................11-1
Creating Sub-Points.................................................................................................11-1
Entering the Text............................................................................................11-1
Setting the Sub-Points.................................................................................11-2
Bullet Formats............................................................................................................11-3
Custom Bullets...........................................................................................................11-5
Turning Bullets Off...................................................................................................11-7
Looking at the Points in Outline View...............................................................11-8
Paragraph Spacing.................................................................................................11-10
The Whole Text............................................................................................ 11-10
Individual Lines........................................................................................... 11-11
Bullet Spacing..........................................................................................................11-12
Turning on the Ruler.................................................................................. 11-12
Adjusting the Indents............................................................................... 11-13
Spell Checking.........................................................................................................11-14
The Format Painter Tool.......................................................................................11-15
Presentations Assignment 11.........................................................11-16


Chapter 12: Self-Running Shows
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................12-1
Setting the PowerPoint Show..............................................................................12-1
Rehearsing the Timings...............................................................................12-1
Looking at the Timings................................................................................12-3
Making the Slide Show Continuous..................................................................12-4
Hiding a Slide ............................................................................................................12-5
Adding a Narrative...................................................................................................12-6
Saving the Presentation as a Show....................................................................12-7
Custom Shows...........................................................................................................12-8
Turning Rehearse Timings Off..............................................................................12-9
Presentations Assignment 12.........................................................12-10

Chapter 13: Delivering Presentations
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................13-1
Screen Tools................................................................................................................13-1
Identifying the Screen Tools......................................................................13-2
Using the Pen Tools.......................................................................................13-2
The Eraser Tool................................................................................................13-4
The Arrow Options........................................................................................13-5
The Slide Options Tool.................................................................................13-6
Speaker Notes............................................................................................................13-7
Using the Notes Page View........................................................................13-7
Using the Notes Master View ...................................................................13-8
Entering the Speaker Notes.................................................................... 13-13
Printing Speaker Notes............................................................................. 13-14
Handout Notes........................................................................................................13-16
Sending Slide Text to a Word Processor.........................................................13-19
Presentations Assignment 13.........................................................13-20


Chapter 14: Slide Masters
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................14-1
Opening the Slide Master View...........................................................................14-1
Looking at the Slide Masters................................................................................14-2
Applying a Theme....................................................................................................14-4
Altering the Formats of Each Slide.....................................................................14-4
The Title Text....................................................................................................14-4
The Text Content............................................................................................14-5
Adding Objects to Slide Masters.........................................................................14-8
Footer Items...............................................................................................................14-9
Presentations Assignment 14.........................................................14-१२

Chapter 15: Useful Features
Loading the Presentation......................................................................................15-1
Help Features.............................................................................................................15-1
Adding a Music Sound Track................................................................................15-4
Inserting a Music File....................................................................................15-4
Formatting the Sound.................................................................................15-5
Adding Movie Clips..................................................................................................15-7
Presentations Assignment 15...........................................................15-8

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USING MICROSOFT ACCESS XP- MANUAL

What is data?
• Data is made up of text, numbers, images and in some cases sounds which can be
processed or stored by a computer. By itself data might not mean very much. In order to
understand it, it needs to be interpreted (or processed) to become information.
• Information is the meaning given to data by the way in which it is interpreted.
• To illustrate the difference, Murray, 15000 and 10 mean little as data. But if we were
able to interpret them as the name of a salesman, Murray, his annual basic salary of
$15,000 and his commission rate of 10%, it would assume more meaning and could be
called information. This is not necessarily the end of the story as this information could
be included in another set of data and used to provide other information. Alternatively,
the same data could be interpreted in another way.
• It is often helpful to think of data as the raw ingredients of a recipe which when
processed and mixed in different amounts by differing techniques produce different
results.

What is a database?

• A simple definition of a database is:
A structured collection of related data about one or more subjects.
In normal daily life we make frequent use of databases, and probably don’t realise it.
Here are a number of simple examples:
- The telephone directory
- Bus or train timetable
- Personal address book
- Filing कैबिनेट

What is a relational database?

• A simple relational database, such as Microsoft Access, is a database which is based on
tables. Each column within a table defines the fields, while each row defines the records.
Different related data can be held in separate tables. For instance information about
suppliers can be held in one table, while information about products can be held in a
separate table.
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FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY
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5.1.1.2 Understand how a database is organised in terms of tables,
records, fields, and with field data types, field properties.

What is a table?

• A table holds data about a particular item, such as products or suppliers.
What is a record?
• A record is a collection of information which relates to a particular item within your
database table. For instance a record in an address book may consist of the first and
second name of a person, plus their phone number and address details. Each item
within a record is called a field.

What is a field?

• Fields are the individual items which make up a record within your database. In the
example of an address book database, first and second names of your contacts would
both be field names, as would the telephone number.

What is meant by 'Field data types'?

• A field must have a specific data type format. We will see more about this later, but for
now the illustration shows you the data types which are available within Microsoft
Access, including Text, Number, Currency etc.

What is meant by 'Field properties'?

• Each field has a range of field properties associated with it. For instance the Field Size
(set to 50 in the example shown), means that the field will hold a maximum of 50
characters.
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FOR USE AT THE LICENSED SITE(S) ONLY
© Cheltenham Courseware for Trainers 1995-2004 www.cctglobal.com
Other properties include items such as data validation, which means that the sort of
information which is being entered into a field makes sense!
5.1.1.3 Understand what a primary key is.

What is a primary key?

• Primary keys uniquely identify each record in your table and provide the following
advantages:
- An index is automatically created for the primary key.
This speeds up data retrieval and sorting.
Also, the primary key is often used in establishing relationships.
- Records in a form or Datasheet are displayed in primary key order.
- Duplicate records are not allowed. Therefore all records are unique
- A primary key can be made up of one or more fields.
5.1.1.4 Understand what an index is.

What is an index?

• An index allows Microsoft Access to work faster when finding and sorting records. They
work in a similar way to the way you would use an index in a traditional book, i.e. Access
uses the index to find the location of the required data. Indexes can be created using a
single field, or using multiple fields.
5.1.1.5 Understand the purpose of relating tables in a database.

Why relate tables?

• When using Access you normally set up a number of tables, such as Customers,
Products, Orders, Employees etc. The next stage is to define relationships between
these tables so that the information within each table can be linked with the information
in the other tables. Once these table relationships are defined we can create queries,
forms and reports to display information which is actually spread across several tables.
5.1.1.6 Understand the importance of setting rules to ensure
relationships between tables are valid.
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© Cheltenham Courseware for Trainers 1995-2004 www.cctglobal.com
Design and document your database!
• It is extremely important to spend time designing your database as time spent here will
often pay dividends later on in the process, as you know where you are going and what
you are trying to do.

How do you know if you’ve got there if you don’t know where you are going?

Questions to ask yourself
• When setting out on the difficult design stage of producing the database there are a
number of questions which you should ask yourself or your user.
What do I want?: You must first establish why you require your database and what you
expect to get from it. It is most important to define your output needs first.
Mistakes are often made because people try to decide what to put into their database
before they know what they want from it.
What have I got?: Knowing what you want then allows you to look critically at what data
you have and make decisions as to how it should be structured in terms of fields and
tables.
What do I need to do?: This question asks you to look at any manipulation you need to
carry out in order to achieve your information output: searches, sorts, and calculations.
Define your needs
• In order to clarify your needs it is often useful to draw a simple diagram and/or write a
short narrative. If the database is being designed for others, show them your
sketch/narrative and use it to check your understanding of their requirements.
Example:
C.C.Toys is a retailer of toys for children of all ages. It buys its toys from a number of
suppliers. It employs four staff. The store is laid out according to themes under a number
of categories (e.g. Soft toys, Games Software etc.). Orders to suppliers can be for either
single or multiple products.
The illustration below shows the tables needed for C.C. Toys.
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BASICS OF MICROSOFT-EXCEL

INTRODUCTION

MS-Excel 2000 is a Windows based application package. It is
quite useful in entering, editing, analysis and storing of data.
Arithmetic operations with numerical data such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division can also be done with
Excel. You can sort the numbers/characters according to some
given criteria (like ascending, descending etc.)and solve simple
financial, mathematical and statistical formulas

OBJECTIVES
After going through this lesson you would be in a position to
* explain the basic features of MS Excel
* set pages and their printing
* modify a worksheet
* enter and edit data in a worksheet
* work on keyboard shortcuts

EXCEL FEATURES
There are a number of features that are available in Excel to
make your task easier. Some of the main features are:
AutoFormat - lets you to choose many preset table formatting
options.
1 AutoSum - helps you to add the contents of a cluster of
adjacent cells.
2 List AutoFill - automatically extends cell formatting when a
new item is added to the end of a list.
3 AutoFill - feature allows you to quickly fill cells with repetitive
or sequential data such as chronological dates or numbers,
and repeated text. AutoFill can also be used to copy functions.
You can also alter text and numbers with this feature.
4 AutoShapes toolbar will allow you to draw a number of
geometrical shapes, arrows, flowchart elements, stars and
more. With these shapes you can draw your own graphs.
5 Wizard - guides you to work effectively while you work by
displaying various helpful tips and techniques based on what
you are doing.
Drag and Drop - feature will help you to reposition the data
and text by simply dragging the data with the help of mouse.
6 Charts - features will help you in presenting a graphical
representation of your data in the form of Pie, Bar, Line charts
and more.
7 PivotTable - flips and sums data in seconds and allows you
to perform data analysis and generating reports like periodic
financial statements, statistical reports, etc. You can also
analyse complex data relationships graphically.
8 Shortcut Menus - commands that are appropriate to the
task that you are doing appear by clicking the right mouse
button.

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Tutorial: Microsoft Office 2003 Word Introduction

Introduction:
Microsoft Word is an essential tool for the creation of documents. Its ease of use has
made Word one of the most widely used word processing applications currently on
the market. Therefore, it's important to become familiar with the various facets of
this software, since it allows for compatibility across multiple computers as well as
collaborative features. Word is a fairly simple program to use for completing simple
tasks. However, it may be more difficult to learn how to explore the more advanced
possibilities of Word।

Opening Microsoft Word:
To run Word on your computer: “Start” >> “Programs” >> “Microsoft Office” >>
“Microsoft Office Word 2003.” If there is an icon of Microsoft Word available on your
desktop (shaped like a square with a "W" in the middle), you can open up the
program by double-clicking it, as well।

Making a New Blank Document:
When Word is opened, a new blank document should automatically open. If not, then
you can begin a new blank document in a variety of ways.
First, find the "New Blank Document" icon, which looks like a blank sheet of paper,
located underneath the menu bar in Word in what is called the "standard toolbar."
Click on the icon to bring up a new blank document.
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Adobe® Creative Suite Design Premium

Welcome to Adobe Creative Suite 5 Design Premium. This document contains late-breaking product information, updates, and troubleshooting tips not covered in the Design Premium documentation

Creative Suite 5 Design Premium components

Adobe® Photoshop® CS5 Extended
Adobe® Illustrator® CS5
Adobe® InDesign® CS5
Adobe® Acrobat® 9.3 Professional (separate DVD)
Adobe® Flash® Catalyst™ CS5
Adobe® Flash® Professional CS5
Adobe® Dreamweaver® CS5
Adobe® Fireworks® CS5
Adobe® Bridge CS5
Adobe® Device Central CS5
Adobe® Media Encoder CS5
Adobe® Extension Manager
Integrates with Adobe® CS Live Online Services*
*Adobe CS Live services are complimentary for a limited time and include Adobe® BrowserLab, Adobe® CS Review, Acrobat।com, Adobe® Story and SiteCatalyst® NetAverages**

Minimum system requirements

Windows®

Intel® Pentium® 4 or AMD Athlon® 64 processor

Microsoft® Windows® XP with Service Pack 3; Windows Vista® Home Premium, Business, Ultimate, or Enterprise with Service Pack 1 (Service Pack 2 recommended); or Windows 7
1GB of RAM or more recommended
9.3GB of available hard-disk space for installation; additional free space required during installation (cannot install on removable flash-based storage devices)
1280x800 display with qualified hardware-accelerated OpenGL graphics card, 16-bit color, and 256MB of VRAM
Some GPU-accelerated features require graphics support for Shader Model 3.0 and OpenGL 2.0
Some features in Adobe Bridge rely on a DirectX 9–capable graphics card with at least 64MB of VRAM
DVD-ROM drive compatible with dual-layer DVDs
Java™ Runtime Environment 1.5 (32 bit) or 1.6
QuickTime 7.6.2 software required for multimedia features
Adobe Flash® Player 10 software required to export SWF files
Broadband Internet connection required for online services**

Mac OS

Multicore Intel® processor
Mac OS X v10.5.7 or v10.6
1GB of RAM or more recommended
10।3GB of available hard-disk space for installation; additional free space required during installation (cannot install on a volume that uses a case-sensitive file system or on flash-based storage devices.)

1280x800 display with qualified hardware-accelerated OpenGL graphics card, 16-bit color, and 256MB of VRAM

Some GPU-accelerated features require graphics support for Shader Model 3.0 and OpenGL 2.0
DVD-ROM drive compatible with dual-layer DVDs
Java™ Runtime Environment 1.5 or 1.6
QuickTime 7.6.2 software required for multimedia features
Adobe Flash® Player 10 software required to export SWF files
Broadband Internet connection required for online services**

This product may allow you to extend its functionality by accessing certain features that are hosted online, including the Adobe CS Live online services ("Online Services"). The Online Services, and some features thereof, may not be available in all countries, languages, and/or currencies and may be discontinued or modified in whole or in part without notice. Use of the Online Services is governed by separate terms of use and by the Online Privacy Policy, and access to some services may require user registration. Some Online Services may be subject to fees and require a subscription. Fees subject to change. For more details and to review the applicable terms of use and Online Privacy Policy

Install your software
Install a Creative Suite 5 edition from disc
The components of Adobe Creative Suite 5 Design Premium are located on multiple DVDs:
Adobe Creative Suite 5 Design Premium Application DVD set (multiple discs)
Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Application DVD (single disc)
Each component has its own serial number.
Locate all installation media and serial numbers before you begin the installation process.
Install Creative Suite 5 Design Premium
Before you begin, close all applications, including your web browser. Make sure you have administrative privileges or can validate as an administrator.
If you are installing as an upgrade, the installer will check your system to find the valid upgrade product. If it cannot find it, it will ask you to input the serial number of the product being
upgraded. You can also install the software in trial, then input your new and previous serial numbers in the serialization screen shown during launch.
1.
Insert the Adobe Creative Suite Application DVD 1 into your DVD drive.
2.
Double-click Setup.exe (Windows) or Install.app (Mac OS) to begin the installation.
Note: Depending on your Autoplay settings in Windows, the Set-up.exe file may launch automatically.
3.
Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the installation.
4.
When prompted to enter a serial number, enter your Adobe Creative Suite 5 edition serial number and complete the installation. Note: You may be asked to close conflicting processes in order to complete the installation

Install Acrobat 9 Pro
If you already have Acrobat 9 Pro installed, either as part of a suite or as a standalone application, you do not need to reinstall it. Existing Acrobat 9 Pro users should download and install the most current updates. To check for updates, open Acrobat 9 Pro and choose Help > Check For Updates.
If you have Acrobat 8 or earlier installed on your computer, you must uninstall it before you install Acrobat 9 Pro.
1.
To remove Acrobat, do one of the following:
o
(Windows XP) Open the Windows Control Panel and double-click Add or Remove Programs. Select the product that you want to uninstall, click Change/Remove, then follow the onscreen instructions.
o
(Windows Vista and Windows 7) Open the Windows Control Panel and double-click Programs and Features. Select the product that you want to uninstall, click Uninstall/Change, then follow the onscreen instructions.
o
(Mac OS) Run the uninstaller located in the Acrobat Professional folder.
2.
Insert the Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro Application DVD disc into your DVD drive.
3.
Do one of the following:
o
(Windows) Navigate to the root directory of your DVD drive and double-click the Setup.exe file to begin installation.
o
(Mac OS) Drag the Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro folder into your Applications folder. After the files are copied, launch Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro.
4.
Follow the onscreen instructions to complete the installation.
5.
When prompted to enter a serial number, enter your Adobe Acrobat 9 Pro serial number and complete the installation.
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Learn Pascal in Three Days

Your First Pascal Program
The Pascal program may be as simple as the one in Example 1-1. It displays on your
screen the phrase “Hi there.”
{ ----------------------------- Example 1-1 ------------------------------ }
PROGRAM FirstProgram(OUTPUT);
BEGIN
WRITELN('Hi there')
END.
Whether the Pascal program is small or large, it must have a specific structure. This
program consists mainly of one statement (WRITELN) which does the actual work
here, as it displays whatever comes between the parentheses. The statement is
included inside a frame starting with the keyword BEGIN and ending with the keyword
END. This is called the program main body (or the program block) and usually
contains the main logic of data processing.
Comments
Consider the first line in the program:
{ ----------------------------- Example 1-1 ------------------------------ }
This is a comment and is totally ignored by the compiler. Comments can appear anywhere
in the Pascal program between two braces ({}) or between the two symbols
(* and *) thus:
(* This is a comment *)
1
Program Heading
The second line is called the program heading. It starts with the keyword PROGRAM
followed by a space, followed by the program name (FirstProgram). The program
name is a user-invented word. User-invented words are classified in Pascal as identifiers.
An identifier must begin with a letter and may contain any number of letters or
digits (in Turbo Pascal it may contain underscores as well). You are free to choose any
meaningful name for your program, but do not expect a program name like “BEGIN”
or “PROGRAM” to be accepted. These words are called reserved words, and they are
only used in the proper place in the program. Pascal reserved words are summarized
in Appendix B.
The program name is followed by the word OUTPUT contained in parentheses and
terminated with a semicolon:
PROGRAM FirstProgram(OUTPUT);
The keyword OUTPUT tells the compiler that this program is going to produce output
(such as writing to the screen), which is the counterpart of INPUT (such as reading
from the keyboard). The words OUTPUT and INPUT are called file parameters. The
program may perform both input and output, in which case the file parameters take
the form:
PROGRAM FirstProgram(INPUT,OUTPUT);
In Turbo Pascal the program heading is optional. You may skip the whole line and start
your program with the word BEGIN, or you may use the program name without
parameters, like this:
PROGRAM FirstProgram;
Syntax and Conventions
The most important syntax is the semicolon after the program heading (which is used
as a separator) and the period after the word END (which terminates the program).
A common convention is to write Pascal keywords in uppercase and the user-invented
names (identifiers) in lowercase with the first letter capitalized. If the name consists of
more than one word (which is the case in this program), the first letter in each word is
capitalized. So, in Pascal programs you may see identifiers like:
Wages
PayRoll
HoursWorkedPerWeek
This is just a convention to make your program readable, but Pascal compilers are not
case sensitive. This means that you can write the entire program in lowercase as in
2 Chapter 1
􀀀􀀀
􀀀􀀀
Example 1-2, or in uppercase as in Example 1-3. All three of the programs will compile
and run.
{ ------------------------------ Example 1-2 ------------------------------ }
program firstprogram(output);
begin
writeln('Hi there')
end.
{ ------------------------------ Example 1-3 ------------------------------ }
PROGRAM FIRSTPROGRAM(OUTPUT);
BEGIN
WRITELN('Hi there')
END.
All blank lines, indentations, and spaces (except those following the Pascal keywords)
are optional, but it is a good programming habit to use this method to make your program
well-organized and readable।
1-2 Displaying Text: WRITELN, WRITE
To display several lines of text you need a WRITELN statement for each line, as in the
following program in Example 1-4. Be sure to put quotes around text strings.
NOTE A companion CD-ROM comes with this book to help you save time and
effort. This disc contains the source code of all examples, in addition to the
solutions of the drills. Please read the Readme.txt or Readme.htm file on the
distribution disc. It contains the instructions for installing the files on your hard drive.
Notice that the Readme.htm file starts up automatically when you insert the CD into
the drive.
{ ------------------------------ Example 1-4 ------------------------------ }
PROGRAM LinesOfText(OUTPUT);
BEGIN
WRITELN('Hi there.');
WRITELN('How are you today?');
WRITELN('Are you ready for Pascal?')
END.
Now the program contains more than one statement. Each statement must be separated
from the next one with a semicolon. This is the only way the compiler can
recognize the end of a statement, but for the last statement in the program block you
may skip the semicolon.
When you compile this program it will give the following output:
Hi there.
How are you today?
Hello Pascal 3
Are you ready for Pascal?
The WRITELN statement displays a line of text followed by a new line (a linefeed and
a carriage return). If you wish to display two strings on the same line, you need to use
the WRITE statement as shown in the following program.
{ ------------------------------ Example 1-5 ------------------------------ }
PROGRAM TwoLines(OUTPUT);
BEGIN
WRITE('Hi there. ');
WRITELN('How are you today?');
WRITELN('Are you ready for Pascal?')
END.
The output of this program is:
Hi there. How are you today?
Are you ready for Pascal?
As you can see in the program output, the second string is written on the same line as
the first string as a result of using the WRITE statement to display the first string.
This is the only difference between the two output statements WRITE and
WRITELN.
If you want to display a blank line, you only need the statement:
WRITELN;
Drill 1-1
Write a Pascal program to display the following text on the screen:
Wordware Publishing, Inc.
-------------------------
2320 Los Rios Boulevard
Plano, Texas 75074
-Crunching Numbers
The easiest task for any program is to crunch numbers. The statement WRITELN (or
WRITE) can be used both to display numbers and evaluate numerical expressions. You
can build up arithmetic expressions using the following arithmetic operators:
+ addition
– subtraction
* multiplication
/ division
4 Chapter 1
Take a look at these examples:
WRITELN(123);
WRITELN(1.23 * 4);
The first example displays the number between the parentheses (123). The second
example performs multiplication of two numbers and displays the result. Notice that
for numeric values, unlike text strings, you don’t use quotes.
You may use WRITELN to display text and numbers in the same statement by using
the comma as a separator like this:
WRITELN('The result is=', 125 * 1.75);
The following program is used to evaluate two numeric expressions (multiplication
and division) and display the results preceded by the proper text.
{ ------------------------------ Example 1-6 -------------------------------}
PROGRAM CrunchNumbers(OUTPUT);
BEGIN
WRITELN('I can easily crunch numbers.');
WRITELN('Here is multiplication of 50x4:',50*4);
WRITELN('..and here is division of 2400/8:',2400/8)
END.
The output of this program is:
I can easily crunch numbers.
Here is multiplication of 50x4:200
..and here is division of 2400/8: 3.0000000000E+02
The multiplication is done as expected. The two operands (50 and 4) were integers
(whole numbers) and the result (200) was an integer too. The division result, however,
came out in a format that needs some explanation.
Integers and Real Numbers
The division performed with the operator / is called real division and always produces
as its result a real number. Real numbers may be written in fixed-point notation (such
as 300.0) or in scientific (exponential) notation (such as 3.0E+02), but in Pascal, real
number output will always be represented in scientific notation by default. A number
written in scientific notation is made up of two parts divided by the letter E (or e). The
left part is called the mantissa and indicates the significant digits, while the right part
is called the exponent. The exponent is a power of ten that determines the position of
the decimal point. So, in this example the number:
3.0000000000E+02
is the same as the number:
3 x 102
Hello Pascal 5
The same number, when expressed in fixed-point format, becomes:
300.0
If the exponent is preceded by a minus sign as in:
3.124E–02
then the decimal point is shifted two positions to the left. This number, then, is the
same as:
0.03124
If the number is negative, the minus sign should precede the mantissa:
–0.0124E–02
If the number is positive, you may omit the sign for either the mantissa or the
exponent:
1.23E02
The division operator (/) is called the real division operator, because the result always
appears as a real number regardless of the type of the operands.
For integer division use the operator DIV as in the example:
WRITELN(2400 DIV 8);
This will produce the output 300.
With integer division, any fraction in the result will be truncated, as in this example:
WRITELN(9 DIV 4); produces the output 2
Another important operator, MOD, is used to get the remainder of integer division
(modulo), as in these examples:
WRITELN(9 MOD 4); produces the output 1
WRITELN(3 MOD 4); produces the output 3
The operators DIV and MOD take only integer operands and produce integer output.
For the other operators (+, –, and *), if either one of the operands is real, the result
will be real.
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